Yan'an, Oct. 1935
Propaganda Campaign
“United Front”
Manchurian Army in Xi'an
Secret Negotiations
*Chiang Kai-shek
*Zhang Xueliang “The Young Marshall” New York Times Obituary
*Zhou Enlai
Germany, 1936
Italy 1937
Prime Minister 1937-39, 1940-41
Pan-Asian leadership
Fear of United Front
Desire for stable resources base
*Marco Polo Bridge, July 1937
Beijing, Tianjin, late July 1937
Shanghai, August 1937
GMD bombs Japanese ships, August 1937
GMD disorderly retreat, Nov. 11
Nanjing
Gen. Tang Shengzhi abandons city, Dec. 12
Japanese troops enter city, Dec. 13
Spence, p. 401
42,000 killed and 20,000 rapes
Chinese figures, Iris Chang, Rape of Nanking (1997)
Chinese figures 300,000+ killed, 80,000 rapes
Japanese figures
About 10,000 killed, isolated rapes
Explanation of Japanese military’s behavior
Heavier than expected casualties
40,000 killed
Military Training
Harsh discipline imposed on common soldiers
Dehumanization of Chinese
Role of military commanders?
Wuhan, December 1938
GMD retreat to Chongqing
Canton, Hong Kong, & SE coast, 1938-41
*“Anti-Japanese War”
50th Anniversary of end of WW II in 1995
Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression
TV and Films
Example: Flowers of War (2011), starring Christian Bale
"China Incident"
Repression of memories of war
Textbooks
Emphasis on victimization